|
Reflections on Haile Selassie
The facts of his life are well known. Haile Selassie's influence
on the world is his most enduring legacy. Born Tafari Makonnen in
1891, Haile Selassie came to be identified inextricably with
Ethiopia. Only rarely in the modern world does the story of a man
become so closely linked to the story of a nation. It is said that
great events beget great men, but they beget failures as well, and
the boundary between the two is often defined by singular acts of
courage. These the Ethiopian Emperor did not lack.
Not surprisingly, the fortitude of the man sometimes referred to
as "The Lion" inspired Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King and even
Malcom X, each of whom corresponded with Haile Selassie --who
advocated civil disobedience when it was necessary to remedy
fundamental social injustice or restore
freedom to the oppressed. The Emperor's presence at President
Kennedy's funeral is still remembered. It seems somehow appropriate
that the motion picture Born Free was filmed in Ethiopia
during Haile Selassie's reign.
One speaks of leaders of men as though their public lives were
completely divorced from their private ones. For a hereditary
monarch, this should not be the case. What his children think of him
is as important as what everybody else thinks. Haile Selassie was a
devoted husband and father. His wife, Empress Menen, died in 1962. His sons, Sahle Selassie, Makonnen, and Asfa Wossen, had a great
sense of duty to their father and to their people. Of his daughters,
Princess Tenagne, in particular, excercised various official duties.
Haile Selassie ascended the throne in the era of polar
exploration and slow communication. Africa's oldest nation was
little more than a footnote to the great stories of the day
--something that Americans and Brits read about in the pages of the
National Geographic. Some people still called the country Abyssinia.
In certain countries far beyond Ethiopia's borders, segregation and
apartheid were long established and little questioned. Most other
African "nations" were colonies. Even at home, slavery was
technically still legal.
In such an era, words like "pan-Africanism" and "civil rights"
were little more than esoteric philosophical notions entertained by
an enlightened few. That a country as backward as Italy, whose
widespread poverty prompted the emigration of millions, would seek
to devour a nation like Ethiopia, was an irony too subtle to raise
eyebrows outside the most sophisticated intellectual circles. With
British backing, Haile Selassie returned to defeat the Italian army
which, in the event, the Allies never viewed as much more than a
nuisance. The British themselves considered the Ethiopian campaign
in its strategic context --as a way to free the Red Sea from
possible Axis control-- as much as the liberation of a sovereign
nation. To the Ethiopians, it was as much a moral victory as a
military one.
The Emperor's speech to the League of Nations denouncing the
Italian invasion is remembered more than the aggression itself. It
prompted essentially ineffectual international trade sanctions
against a European nation but, like the Battle of Adwa four decades
earlier, represented in a tangible way one of the few occasions in
the modern era that an African nation defied the arrogance of a
European one.
There were very few world leaders of the post-war era who had
actually led troops in combat. Haile Selassie and Dwight Eisenhower
were exceptional in this respect, which partially accounts for their
close friendship.
Even when the foe is truly formidable, courage has a
psychological side that has little to do with combat or physical
victory. One may seem defeated materially without being defeated
morally. Perhaps it's a question of confidence, values or knowledge.
Haile Selassie's greatest strength was as a builder of bridges
--across rivers but also between cultures. His travels took him to
many countries, and he became one of the most popular heads of
state, and one of the most decorated men in the world.
It was during one such voyage, in 1960, that he had to rush home
to confront an attempted overthrow of the existing order. This
perhaps served as a reminder that the most dangerous revolutions are
found in one's own house. The sovereign who was once known as a
reformer now found himself resented by many members of the very
social class his economic and educational policies had helped to
create. Internationally, however, his prestige did not suffer. The
Emperor established the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963,
with a headquarters in Addis Ababa.
The revolution of 1974 was supported by outside forces, and while
its roots were domestic, its covert objectives cannot be said to
have been supported by more than a small fraction of Ethiopians.
Truth be told, administrative practices which worked well in 1950
were terribly inefficient by the 1970s, and a series of problems
were cited as a pretext for a full scale coup d'etat. Ethiopia's
pre-industrial economy was no better prepared for Marxism than
Russia's had been in 1917. Communism's ultimate social and economic
failure, in Ethiopia as well as in Russia, certainly indicates
democracy's superiority, whether that democracy is embodied by a
republic or a constitutional monarchy. The Derg's alliance with the
Soviet Union made Ethiopia the instrument of a foreign power,
precisely the thing Haile Selassie resisted.
|
